Waste handling and disposal

Flaring or use of landfill gas

Energy industries

Electricity and heat generation from biomass

Manufacturing Industries

Mining/mineral production

Energy Demand

Increasing the blend in cement production

Fugitive emissions from fuel (solid, oil and gas)

Abatement of methane from coal mines

Agriculture

GHG emission reductions from manure management systems

Fuel switching from coal and/or petroleum fuels to natural gas in existing power plants for electricity generation

Construction and operation of new grid connected fossil fuel fired power plants using a less GHG intensive technology

Emission reductions from raw material switch in clinker production

Electricity generation from biomass in power-only plants

N2O abatement from nitric acid production

Co-firing of biomass residues for heat generation and/or electricity generation in grid connected power plants

Alternative waste treatment processes

Introduction of an efficiency improvement technology in a boiler

Natural gas substitution by biogenic methane produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic waste

Construction of a new natural gas power plant

Fossil fuel based cogeneration for identified recipient facility(ies)

Fugitive emissions from production and consumption of halocarbons and SF6

Decomposition of fluoroform (HFC-23) waste streams

Baseline methodology for steam optimization systems

Recovery and utilization of gas from oil fields that would otherwise be flared or vented

Steam system efficiency improvements by replacing steam traps and returning condensate

Chemical industries

Renewable energy projects replacing part of the electricity production of one single fossil fuel fired power plant that stands alone or supplies to a grid, excluding biomass projects

Baseline methodology for water pumping efficiency improvements

Baseline Methodology for decomposition of N2O from existing adipic acid production plants

Leak detection and repair in gas production, processing, transmission, storage and distribution systems and in refinery facilities

Methodology for zero-emissions grid-connected electricity generation from renewable sources in Chile or in countries with merit order based dispatch grid

Substitution of CO2 from fossil or mineral origin by CO2 from renewable sources in the production of inorganic compounds

N2O destruction in the tail gas of Caprolactam production plants

Metal production

PFC emission reductions from anode effect mitigation at primary aluminium smelting facilities

Transport

Bus rapid transit projects

SF6 emission reductions in electrical grids

Grid connection of isolated electricity systems

Use of biomass in heat generation equipment

Flare (or vent) reduction and utilization of gas from oil wells as a feedstock

Methodology for improved electrical energy efficiency of an existing submerged electric arc furnace used for the production of silicon and ferro alloys

Leak reduction from a natural gas distribution grid by replacing old cast iron pipes or steel pipes without cathodic protection with polyethylene pipes

Energy efficiency improvement projects - boiler rehabilitation or replacement in industrial and district heating sectors

Distribution of efficient light bulbs to households

New cogeneration project activities supplying electricity and heat to multiple costumers

Methodology for gas based energy generation in an industrial facility

Feed switch in integrated Ammonia-urea manufacturing industry

Introduction of hot supply of Direct Reduced Iron in Electric Arc Furnaces

Increased electricity generation from existing hydropower stations through Decision Support System optimization

Biogenic methane injection to a natural gas distribution grid

Recovery and utilization of waste gas in refinery or gas plant

Efficiency improvement by boiler replacement or rehabilitation and optional fuel switch in fossil fuel-fired steam boiler systems

Avoided emissions from biomass wastes through use as feed stock in pulp and paper, cardboard, fibreboard or bio-oil production

Introduction of a new primary district heating system

Reduction in GHGs emission from primary aluminium smelters

Power saving through replacement by energy efficient chillers

Energy Distribution

Biogenic methane use as feedstock and fuel for town gas production

Fugitive emissions from the production and consumption of halocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) have significant impacts on the climate. Halocarbons are synthetic compounds containing carbon and halogen atoms (such as chlorine, fluorine, or bromine), commonly used in refrigeration, air conditioning, foam blowing agents, and aerosols. SF6 is a potent greenhouse gas used in electrical transmission and distribution equipment, as well as in the electronics industry. Here are some key points regarding fugitive emissions from halocarbons and SF6 and their climate impacts:

Greenhouse gas potency: Halocarbons and SF6 are highly potent greenhouse gases, meaning they have a much higher global warming potential (GWP) than carbon dioxide (CO2). The GWP of these gases is calculated based on their ability to trap heat in the atmosphere over a specific time period. For example, SF6 has a GWP thousands of times higher than CO2, and certain halocarbons, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), have GWPs that can be hundreds or thousands of times higher than CO2.

Fugitive emissions: Fugitive emissions of halocarbons and SF6 occur during the production, use, maintenance, and disposal of equipment and products that contain these substances. Leaks, spills, improper handling, and inadequate recycling or destruction of these gases can result in their release into the atmosphere. These fugitive emissions contribute to the accumulation of greenhouse gases and exacerbate climate change.

Ozone depletion: Certain halocarbons, such as CFCs and HCFCs, not only contribute to global warming but also deplete the ozone layer in the stratosphere. When released into the atmosphere, these substances can reach the stratosphere and break down ozone molecules, leading to the thinning of the ozone layer. The depletion of the ozone layer allows more harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun to reach the Earth's surface, posing risks to human health, ecosystems, and climate patterns.

Emission sources: Fugitive emissions of halocarbons and SF6 can arise from various sources, including manufacturing facilities, storage, transportation, equipment leaks, servicing, and improper disposal. Equipment such as refrigeration and air conditioning units, foams, aerosol propellants, and electrical switchgear can be significant sources of fugitive emissions. Preventing leaks and ensuring proper handling, maintenance, and disposal of these substances are critical for minimizing their climate impacts.

Global efforts: International agreements and protocols have been established to address the production, consumption, and emissions of halocarbons and SF6. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, for instance, aims to phase out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances, including many halocarbons. The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol specifically targets hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are commonly used as replacements for ozone-depleting substances but have high GWPs.

Mitigation measures: Mitigating fugitive emissions of halocarbons and SF6 involves adopting practices to prevent leaks, improve containment, and enhance recycling and destruction methods. Leak detection and repair programs, proper equipment maintenance, use of low-GWP alternatives, and improved recycling and destruction technologies are key strategies for reducing emissions. Promoting energy-efficient alternatives and transitioning to environmentally friendly alternatives with lower GWPs can further mitigate the climate impacts.

Efforts to reduce fugitive emissions from the production and consumption of halocarbons and SF6 are crucial for mitigating climate change.

Fugitive emissions from solid fuels (such as coal), oil, and gas refer to the unintentional release of greenhouse gases during the extraction, production, storage, transport, and use of these fuels. These emissions have significant impacts on the climate. 

Methane emissions: Fugitive emissions from oil and gas operations are a major source of methane (CH4) emissions, which is a potent greenhouse gas. Methane has a much higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide (CO2) over a 20-year timeframe, making it a significant contributor to climate change. Methane emissions can occur during drilling, extraction, storage, transportation, and distribution of oil and gas.

Coal mine methane: In coal mining, methane can be released from underground coal seams, often referred to as coal mine methane (CMM). Methane is trapped within coal formations and can escape during mining operations. Since methane is a potent greenhouse gas, its release during coal mining contributes to climate change.

Leakage in oil and gas infrastructure: Fugitive emissions can occur from leaks in oil and gas infrastructure, including pipelines, wellheads, valves, and storage tanks. These leaks can release methane and other hydrocarbons into the atmosphere. Unintentional releases of methane during oil and gas production and transportation contribute significantly to global methane emissions.

Impact on climate change: Fugitive emissions of methane and other greenhouse gases contribute to the enhanced greenhouse effect, trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere. Methane has a higher short-term warming potential compared to CO2, meaning that reducing methane emissions can have a more immediate impact on mitigating climate change. Fugitive emissions from fuel can exacerbate the greenhouse effect, leading to increased global temperatures and climate-related impacts.

Air quality and health effects: Fugitive emissions can also have adverse effects on air quality and human health. Methane is not only a greenhouse gas but also a precursor to ground-level ozone formation, which contributes to air pollution and respiratory problems. Additionally, other pollutants associated with fossil fuel extraction and production, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter, can have negative health effects.

Monitoring and mitigation: Monitoring and mitigating fugitive emissions from fuel are crucial for addressing climate change and improving air quality. Efforts to reduce fugitive emissions include using leak detection technologies, implementing stricter regulations and standards, and adopting best practices in the extraction, production, storage, and transportation of solid fuels, oil, and gas. Advancements in technology and infrastructure can help minimize fugitive emissions, such as employing improved equipment and practices for methane capture and control.

Policy and regulation: Governments and international organizations have introduced regulations and initiatives to address fugitive emissions. These include regulations on leak detection and repair, reporting requirements for methane emissions, and guidelines for reducing fugitive emissions in the oil, gas, and coal sectors. The implementation of these policies aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality, and mitigate climate change.

Efforts to reduce fugitive emissions from solid fuels, oil, and gas are vital for combating climate change and improving air quality. Minimizing leaks, employing advanced monitoring technologies, adopting best practices, and enforcing regulations can help mitigate the impacts of fugitive emissions and contribute to climate change mitigation strategies.

Methane recovery in animal manure management systems

Afforestation and reforestation are important for mitigating climate change and addressing environmental challenges. 

Afforestation: Afforestation refers to the process of establishing forests in areas where there were no forests before, such as barren lands or areas that have been deforested. Afforestation involves planting trees and allowing them to grow naturally. This process helps increase the overall forest cover and have beneficial climate impacts:

Sequestration of carbon: Trees absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere during photosynthesis and store it as carbon in their trunks, branches, leaves, and roots. Afforestation enhances sequestration, as newly planted trees actively capture and store CO2, helping to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Regulation of the climate: Forests play a crucial role in regulating local and regional climates. They provide shade, release moisture through transpiration, and influence temperature and rainfall patterns. Afforestation can help mitigate the urban heat island effect and regulate microclimates, contributing to a more balanced and sustainable climate.

Biodiversity: Afforestation creates new habitats and can increase or support conservation of biodiversity. Forests provide habitats for numerous plant and animal species, promoting ecological balance and enhancing overall ecosystem resilience.

Soil conservation: Tree roots help stabilize the soil and prevent erosion. Afforestation can mitigate soil degradation, enhance soil fertility, and reduce the loss of valuable topsoil. This, in turn, supports sustainable agriculture and prevents sedimentation in water bodies.

Reforestation: Reforestation involves restoration or replanting of forests in areas that have been previously deforested or degraded. Reforestation efforts aim to restore the ecological functions and biodiversity of degraded forest areas. The impacts of reforestation on the climate are similar to those of afforestation:

Carbon sink: Reforestation helps establish new forests and increases the capacity for sequestration of carbon. Young trees absorb CO2 from the atmosphere, contributing to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and of climate change.

Restoration of Ecosystems: Reforestation can restore essential ecosystem, such as water regulation, air purification, and soil conservation. These are crucial for maintaining environmental balance, supporting livelihoods of humans and animals, and mitigating the impacts of climate change.

Habitat restoration: Reforestation efforts create or restore habitats for diverse plant and animal species, enhancing biodiversity and ecological resilience. Restoring forests helps protect endangered species and preserves the natural heritage habitats.

Community benefits: Reforestation initiatives can provide socioeconomic benefits to local communities. They can generate employment opportunities, support sustainable forestry practices, and contribute to the development of ecotourism and sustainable livelihoods.

Sustainable forest management: To maximize climate benefits of afforestation and reforestation, sustainable forest management practices should be implemented which includes maintaining the health and productivity of forests, preventing deforestation and illegal logging, promoting biodiversity conservation, and involving local communities in decision-making processes.

Afforestation and reforestation are crucial nature-based solutions for mitigating climate change and ecosystem restoration. These practices contribute to carbon sequestration, climate regulation, biodiversity conservation, and the overall resilience of ecosystems. By engage in afforestation and reforestation initiatives, we can combat climate change, protect natural resources, and enhance environmental sustainability.

Afforestation and reforestation

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ID	Title	Sectors	GHG Gases

Methodologies